Vectorized operations in r programming

 

In R programming, vectorized operations allow you to perform arithmetic or logical operations on entire vectors at once, without having to loop through each element individually. This makes code more efficient and easier to read. Vectorized operations in R allow you to perform calculations on large datasets quickly and easily.

The syntax for vectorized operations is very similar to regular arithmetic, logical, or comparison operations in R, with the only difference being that you apply the operation to vectors rather than individual values.

Example:

x <- c(1, 2, 3)

y <- c(2, 4, 6)

x * y

Output:

[1]  2  8 18

In this example, we multiply two vectors x and y element-wise, which returns a new vector of the same length with the product of each pair of corresponding elements.

Common Vectorized Operations:

l    Arithmetic operations: +, -, *, /, ^

l    Comparison operations: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

l    Logical operations: &, |, !

l    Mathematical functions: sin(), cos(), sqrt(), log(), exp()

All of these operations work on vectors in the same way as they do on scalars.

For example, you can use the sin() function to calculate the sine of each element in a vector:

x <- c(0, pi/2, pi, 3*pi/2, 2*pi)

sin(x)

Output:

[1]  0.000000e+00  1.000000e+00  1.224647e-16 -1.000000e+00 -2.449294e-16

In this example, we create a vector x containing five angles in radians, and then use the sin() function to calculate the sine of each angle. The result is a new vector with the same length as x.